Bassim CW, MacEntee MI, Nazmul S, Bedad C, Liu S, Ma J, Grifith LE, Raina P. Self-reported oral health at baseline of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2019;00:1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12506

Davison KM, Lung Y, Lin SL, Tong H, Kobayashi KM, Fuller-Thomson E. Depression in middle and older adulthood: the role of immigration, nutrition, and other determinants of health in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. BMC Psychiatry. 2019 Nov. 6;19(329). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103962.

Raina P, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith LE, Balion C, Cossette B, Dionne I, Hofer S, Hogan D, van den Heuvel ER, Liu-Ambrose T, Menec V, Mugford G, Patterson C, Payette H, Richards B, Shannon H, Sheets D, Taler V, Thompson M, Tuokko H, Wister A, Wu C, Young L, Cohort profile: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). International Journal of Epidemiology. 2019 Sept 6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz173.

Oremus M, Tyas SL, Maxwell CJ, Konnert C, O'Connell ME, Law J. Social Support Availability is Positively Associated with Memory in Persons Aged 45-85 Years: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics. 2020;86:103962. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103962.

Sekhon H, Allali G, Beauchet O. The association of anxio-depressive disorders and depression with motoric cognitive risk syndrome: results from the baseline assessment of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Geroscience. 2019 Aug 28. doi: 10.1007/s11357-019-00093-z.

Sekhon H, Allali G, Beauchet O. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in the Canadian population: Results from the baseline assessment of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Aug 5;85:103932. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.103932.

Hammond NG, Stinchcombe A. Health Behaviors and Social Determinants of Migraine in a Canadian Population-Based Sample of Adults Aged 45-85 years: Findings from the CLSA. Headache. 2019 Aug 2. doi: 10.1111/head.13610.

Ismail M, Hammond NG, Wilson K, Stinchcombe A. Canadians Who Care: Social Networks and Informal Caregiving Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Older Adults in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2019 Jul 29:91415019864603. doi: 10.1177/0091415019864603.

Tessier AJ, Wing SS, Rahme E, Morais JA, Chevalier S. Physical function-derived cut-points for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and dynapenia from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Jul 15. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12462.

Hewko S, Reay T, Estabrooks CA, Cummings GG. The early retiree divests the health workforce: a quantitative analysis of early retirement among Canadian Registered Nurses and allied health professionals. Hum Resour Health. 2019 Jul 5;17(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12960-019-0381-5.

O'Connell ME, Tuokko H, Kadlec H, Griffith LE, Simard M, Taler V, Voll S, Thompson ME, Panyavin I, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Raina P. Normative comparison standards for measures of cognition in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA): Does applying sample weights make a difference? Psychol Assess. 2019 Sep;31(9):1081-1091. doi: 10.1037/pas0000730.

Valcke M, Ouellet N, Dubé M, Laouan Sidi EA, LeBlanc A, Normandin L, Balion C, Ayotte P. Biomarkers of cadmium, lead and mercury exposure in relation with early biomarkers of renal dysfunction and diabetes: Results from a pilot study among aging Canadians. Toxicol Lett. 2019 Sep 15;312:148-156. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.014.

Velez MP, Alvarado BE, Rosendaal N, da Câmara SM, Belanger E, Richardson H, Pirkle CM. Age at natural menopause and physical functioning in postmenopausal women: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Menopause. 2019 Sep;26(9):958-965. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001362.

Aljied R, Aubin MJ, Buhrmann R, Freeman EE. Visual impairment and the use of formal and informal home care in Canada: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Can J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jun;54(3):367-373. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.10.018.

Cross NE, Carrier J, Postuma RB, Gosselin N, Kakinami L, Thompson C, Chouchou F, Dang-Vu TT. Association between insomnia disorder and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Sleep. 2019 Aug 1;42(8). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz114.

Wister A, Cosco T, Mitchell B, Fyffe I. Health behaviors and multimorbidity resilience among older adults using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019 May 15:1-15. doi: 10.1017/S1041610219000486.

Mayhew AJ, Griffith LE, Gilsing A, Beauchamp MK, Kuspinar A, Raina P. The association between self-reported and performance-based physical function with activities of daily living disability in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019 May 13. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glz122.

Muscedere J, Kim PM, Afilalo J, Balion C, Baracos VE, Bowdish D, Cesari M, Erusalimsky JD, Fülöp T, Heckman G, Howlett SE, Khadaroo RG, Kirkland JL, Rodriguez Mañas L, Marzetti E, Paré G, Raina P, Rockwood K, Sinclair A, Skappak C, Verschoor C, Walter S, Canadian Frailty Network. Proceedings of the Canadian Frailty Network Workshop: Identifying Biomarkers of Frailty to Support Frailty Risk Assessment, Diagnosis and Prognosis. Toronto, January 15, 2018. The Journal of Frailty & Aging. July 2019, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp 106–116.

Griffith LE, Gilsing A, Mangin D, Patterson C, van den Heuvel E, Sohel N, St John P, van den Akker M, Raina P. Multimorbidity Frameworks Impact Prevalence and Relationships with Patient-Important Outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr 7. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15921.

Oremus M, Konnert C, Law J, Maxwell CJ, O’Connell ME, Tyas SL. Social support and cognitive function in middle- and older-aged adults: descriptive analysis of CLSA tracking data. Eur J Public Health. 2019 Apr 1;0:1-6. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz047.

Dogra S, Good J, Gardiner PA, Copeland JL, Strickland MK, Rudoler D, Buman MP. Effects of replacing sitting time with physical activity on lung function: An analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Health Rep. 2019 Mar 20;30(3):12-23. doi: 10.25318/82-003-x201900300002-eng.

Morrison, JM, Laur CV, Keller HH. SCREEN III: working towards a condensed screening tool to detect nutrition risk in community-dwelling older adults using CLSA data. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb 28. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0411-3.

Sakib MN, Shooshtari S, St. John P, Menec V. The prevalence of multimorbidity and associations with lifestyle factors among middle-aged Canadians: an analysis of Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging data. BMC Public Health. 2019 Feb 28;19(1):243. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6567-x.

Menec, VH, Newall NE, Mackenzie CS, Shooshtari S, Nowicki S. Examining individual and geographic factors associated with social isolation and loneliness using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data. PloS One. 2019 Feb 1;14(2):e0211143. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211143.

Tuokko H, Griffith LE, Simard M, Taler V, O’Connell ME, Voll S, Kadlec H, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Raina P. The Canadian longitudinal study on aging as a platform for exploring cognition in an aging population. Clin Neuropsychol. 2019 Jan 13:1-30. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1551575.

Wister A, Cosco T, Mitchell B, Menec V, Fyffe I. Development and Concurrent Validity of a Composite Social Isolation Index for Older Adults Using the CLSA. Can J Aging. 2019 Jun;38(2):180-192. doi: 10.1017/S0714980818000612.

Taler V, Johns BT, Jones MN. A Large Scale Semantic Analysis of Verbal Fluency across the Aging Spectrum: Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019 Jan 8. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbz003.

Yao C, Fereshtehnejad SM, Keezer MR, Wolfson C, Pelletier A, and Postuma RB. Risk factors for possible REM sleep behavior disorder A CLSA population-based cohort study. Neurology. 2018 Dec 26. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006849. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006849.

Rao, DP, Patel P, Roberts KC, Thompson W. Obesity and healthy aging: social, functional and mental well-being among older Canadians. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2018 Dec;38(12):437-444. doi: 10.24095/hpcdp.38.12.01.

Sibalija J, Savundranayagam MY, Orange JB, Kloseck M. Social support, social participation, & depression among caregivers and non-caregivers in Canada: a population health perspective. Aging Ment Health. 2018 Dec 6:1-9. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1544223.

Copeland, JL, Good J, Dogra S. Strength training is associated with better functional fitness and perceived healthy aging among physically active older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018 Nov 27;1-7. doi: 10.1007/s40520-018-1079-6.

Harasemiw O, Newall N, Mackenzie CS, Shooshtari S, and Menec V. Is the association between social network types, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction mediated by the perceived availability of social support? A cross-sectional analysis using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Aging Ment Health. 2019 Oct;23(10):1413-1422. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1495176.

Gilsing A, Mayhew AJ, Payette H, Shatenstein B, Kirkpatrick SI, Amog K, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith LE, Raina P. Validity and Reliability of a Short Diet Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Intake in Older Adults in a Subsample of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 17;10(10). pii: E1522. doi: 10.3390/nu10101522.

Wolfson C, Fereshtehnejad SM, Pasquet R, Postuma R, Keezer MR. The high burden of neurological disease in the older general population: Results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Feb;26(2):356-362. doi: 10.1111/ene.13823.

Wolfson DB, Best AF, Addona V, Wolfson J, Gadalla SM. Benefits of combining prevalent and incident cohorts: An application to myotonic dystrophy. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019 Oct-Nov;28(10-11):3333-3345. doi: 10.1177/0962280218804275.

Verschoor CP, Kohli V, Balion C. A comprehensive assessment of immunophenotyping performed in cryopreserved peripheral whole blood. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2018 Sep;94(5):662-670. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.21526.

Vafaei A, Aubin MJ, Buhrmann R, Kergoat MJ, Aljied R, Freeman EE. Interaction Between Visual Acuity and Peripheral Vascular Disease with Balance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Oct;66(10):1934-1939. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15490.

Wister A, Lear S, Schuurman N, MacKey D, Mitchell B, Cosco T, Fyffe I. Development and validation of a multidomain multimorbidity resilience index for an older population: results from the baseline Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. BMC Geriatr. 2018; 18: 170. Published online 2018 Jul 27. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0851-y

Stinchcombe A, Wilson K, Kortes-Miller K, Chambers L, Weaver B. Physical and mental health inequalities among aging lesbian, gay, and bisexual Canadians: cross-sectional results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Can J Public Health. 2018 Jul 12. doi: 10.17269/s41997-018-0100-3.

Dogra S, Good J, Buman MP, Gardiner PA, Stickland MK, Copeland JL. Movement behaviours are associated with lung function in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. BMC Public Health. 2018 Jul 3;18(1):818. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5739-4.

Demnitz N, Hogan DB, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H, Ebmeier KP, Poulin MJ, Sexton CE. Cognition and mobility show a global association in middle- and late-adulthood: Analyses from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Gait Posture. 2018 Jul;64:238-243. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.116.

Hämäläinen A, Mick P, Pichora-Fuller MK, Wittich W. Dual sensory loss in older Canadians: First insights from the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging. The Magazine of Deafblind International . July 2018.

Dogra S, Good J, Buman MP, Gardiner PA, Copeland JL, Stickland MK. Physical activity and sedentary time are related to clinically relevant health outcomes among adults with obstructive lung disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2018 Jun 7;18(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0659-8.

Verschoor CP, Tamim H. Frailty Is Inversely Related to Age at Menopause and Elevated in Women Who Have Had a Hysterectomy: An Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019 Apr 23;74(5):675-682. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly092.

Toohey AM, Hewson JA, Adams CL, Rock MJ. Pets, Social Participation, and Aging-in-Place: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Can J Aging. 2018 Jun; 37(2):200-217. doi: 10.1017/S0714980818000107.

Costanian C, McCague H, Tamim H. Age at natural menopause and its associated factors in Canada: cross-sectional analyses from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Menopause. 2018 Mar;25(3):265-272. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000990.

Verschoor CP, Kohli V. Cryopreserved whole blood for the quantification of monocyte, T-cell and NK-cell subsets, and monocyte receptor expression by multi-color flow cytometry: A methodological study based on participants from the canadian longitudinal study on aging. Cytometry A. 2018 May;93(5):548-555. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.23372.

Aljied R, Aubin MJ, Buhrmann R, Sabeti S, Freeman EE. Prevalence and determinants of visual impairment in Canada: cross-sectional data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jun;53(3):291-297. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.01.027.

Aljied R, Aubin MJ, Buhrmann R, Sabeti S, Freeman EE. Eye care utilization and its determinants in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jun;53(3):298-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.01.021.

Simard M, Rouleau I, Kadlec H, Taler V, Tuokko H, Voll S, O'Connell ME, Griffith LE, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Raina P. Miami Prospective Memory Test in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Clin Neuropsychol. 2019 Jan;33(1):137-165. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1435824.

Costanian C, Edgell H, Ardern CI, Tamim H. Hormone therapy use in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: a cross-sectional analysis. Menopause. 2018 Jan;25(1):46-53. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000954.

Beenackers MA, Doiron D, Fortier I, Noordzij JM, Reinhard E, Courtin E, Bobak M, Chaix B, Costa G, Dapp U, Diez Roux AV, Huisman M, Grundy EM, Krokstad S, Martikainen P, Raina P, Avendano M, van Lenthe FJ. MINDMAP: establishing an integrated database infrastructure for research in ageing, mental well-being, and the urban environment. BMC Public Health. 2018 Jan 19;18(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5031-7.

Mick P, Parfyonov M, Wittich W, Phillips N, Guthrie D, Kathleen Pichora-Fuller M. Associations between sensory loss and social networks, participation, support, and loneliness: Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Can Fam Physician. 2018 Jan;64(1):e33-e41.

Bedard, M., Taler, V. and Steffener, J. Long-term prospective memory impairment following mild traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness: findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Clin Neuropsychol. 2018 Jul;32(5):1002-1018. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1404644.

Harasemiw O, Newall N, Shooshtari S, Mackenzie C, Menec V. From Social Integration to Social Isolation: The Relationship Between Social Network Types and Perceived Availability of Social Support in a National Sample of Older Canadians. Res Aging. 2018 Sep;40(8):715-739. doi: 10.1177/0164027517734587.

O'Connell ME, Tuokko H, Voll S, Simard M, Griffith LE, Taler V, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Raina P. An evidence-based approach to the creation of normative data: base rates of impaired scores within a brief neuropsychological battery argue for age corrections, but against corrections for medical conditions. Clin Neuropsychol. 2017 Aug - Oct;31(6-7):1188-1203. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1349931.

Kanters, D.M., Griffith, L.E., Hogan, D.B., Richardson, J., Patterson, C. and Raina, P. Assessing the Measurement Properties of a Frailty Index across the Age Spectrum in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017 Aug;71(8):794-799. doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-208853.

Verschoor CP, McEwen LM, Kohli V, Wolfson C, Bowdish DM, Raina P, Kobor MS, Balion C. The relation between DNA methylation patterns and serum cytokine levels in community-dwelling adults: a preliminary study. BMC Genet. 2017 Jun 21;18(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12863-017-0525-3.

Tuokko H, Griffith LE, Simard M, Taler V. Cognitive measures in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Clin Neuropsychol. 2017 Jan;31(1):233-250. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1254279.

Griffith LE, Raina P, Levasseur M, Sohel N, Payette H, Tuokko H, van den Heuvel E, Wister A, Gilsing A, Patterson C. Functional disability and social participation restriction associated with chronic conditions in middle-aged and older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017 Apr;71(4):381-389. doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-207982.

Parfyonov, M., Mick, P., Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Wittich, W. Association between sensory loss and social outcomes: A prelimanary report. Journal of the Canadian Acoustical Association. August 2016.

Ma J, Thabane L, Beyene J, Raina P. Power Analysis for Population-Based Longitudinal Studies Investigating Gene-Environment Interactions in Chronic Diseases: A Simulation Study. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 22;11(2):e0149940. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149940.

Taler V, Sheppard C, Raina P, Kirkland S. Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: A Platform for Psychogeriatric Research. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. November 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_56-1

Kirkland SA, Griffith LE, Menec V, Wister A, Payette H, Wolfson C, Raina PS. Mining a Unique Canadian Resource: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Can J Aging. 2015 Sep;34(3):366-77. doi: 10.1017/S071498081500029X.

Keezer MR, Pelletier A, Stechysin B, Veilleux M, Jetté N, Wolfson C. The diagnostic test accuracy of a screening questionnaire and algorithm in the identification of adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014 Nov;55(11):1763-71. doi: 10.1111/epi.12805.

Oremus M, Postuma R, Griffith L, Balion C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Patterson C, Shannon HS; CLSA Algorithms Validation Group, Raina P. Validating chronic disease ascertainment algorithms for use in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Can J Aging. 2013 Sep;32(3):232-9. doi: 10.1017/S0714980813000275.

Doiron D, Raina P, Fortier I, on behalf of the Linkage Between Cohorts and Health Care Utilization Data: Meeting of Canadian Stakeholders workshop participants. Linking Canadian Population Health Data: Maximizing the Potential of Cohort and Administrative Data. Can J Public Health. 2013 Mar 6; 104(3): e258–e261.

Sheets DJ, Gallagher EM. Aging in Canada: state of the art and science. Gerontologist. 2013 Feb;53(1):1-8. doi: 10.1093/geront/gns150.

Tansey CM, Raina P, Wolfson C. Veterans' physical health. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;35:66-74. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxs005.

Griffith L, Sohel N, Walker K, Jiang Y, Mao Y, Hopkins D, Raina P. Consumer products and fall-related injuries in seniors. Can J Public Health. 2012 Jul 18;103(5):e332-7.

Balion CM, Raina PS, Wolfson C, Kirkland SA, Keys JL, Griffith LE, Pelletier A, Uniat J, McQueen MJ. Feasibility of biological specimen collection for the Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA) biorepository. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):261-74. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990080.

Raina PS, Kirkland SA, Wolfson C, Szala-Meneok K, Griffith LE, Keshavarz H, Uniat J, Furlini L, Angus CL, Strople G, Pelletier A. Accessing health care utilization databases for health research: a Canadian longitudinal study on aging feasibility study. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):287-94. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990079.

Raina PS, Wolfson C, Kirkland SA, Keshavarz H, Griffith LE, Patterson C, Uniat J, Strople G, Pelletier A, Angus CL. Ascertainment of chronic diseases in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA), systematic review. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):275-85. doi: 10.1017/S071498080999002X.

Kirkland SA, Raina PS, Wolfson C, Strople G, Kits O, Dukeshire S, Angus CL, Szala-Meneok K, Uniat J, Keshavarz H, Furlini L, Pelletier A. Exploring the acceptability and feasibility of conducting a large longitudinal population-based study in Canada. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):231-42. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990043.

Wolfson C, Kirkland SA, Raina PS, Uniat J, Roberts K, Bergman H, Furlini L, Pelletier A, Strople G, Angus CL, Keshavarz H, Szala-Meneok K. Telephone-administered cognitive tests as tools for the identification of eligible study participants for population-based research in aging. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):251-9. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990092.

Wolfson C, Raina PS, Kirkland SA, Pelletier A, Uniat J, Furlini L, Angus CL, Strople G, Keshavarz H, Szala-Meneok K. The Canadian community health survey as a potential recruitment vehicle for the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):243-9. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990031.

Raina PS, Wolfson C, Kirkland SA, Griffith LE, Oremus M, Patterson C, Tuokko H, Penning M, Balion CM, Hogan D, Wister A, Payette H, Shannon H, Brazil K. The Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA). Can J Aging. 2009 Sep;28(3):221-9. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990055.

Hébert R. The big boom: what CIHR's Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging means to the baby boomer generation and Canada's healthcare system. Hosp Q. 2003 Spring;6(3):19-20.