Social factors and physical activity in older adults: identifying predictors across vulnerable populations

Physical activity is important for maintaining and improving health and independence, but most older adults do not meet physical activity recommendations. Older adults who have more social support tend to be more active, suggesting that social support is an important mechanism for physical activity promotion. However, it is unknown what forms of support predict physical activity, particularly across vulnerable segments of the population. This cross-sectional study will examine which social support factors assessed in the CLSA predict physical activity among adults age 65 and older. Furthermore, it will examine whether the predictors of physical activity are similar, or different for vulnerable populations including those who live alone, have low incomes, are members of an ethnic minority, immigrants to Canada, women, LGBTQ, and caregivers.

Social support is associated with more physical activity among older adults. But there are many types of support, and it is not known which types are the strongest predictors of physical activity, and whether those key predictors vary for people in populations at heightened risk of social isolation. This study examined which of nine forms of social support predicted physical activity in adults age 65 and older, and whether the significant predictors of physical activity varied based on eight demographic indictors of increased risk of social isolation. Having a larger social network, more contact with network members, and more participation in social activities predicted greater physical activity, while being in a domestic partnership and tangible support were negatively associated. Some of these predictors varied based on sex, living arrangements, and income. Multiple forms of social support should be considered in social support interventions to enhance physical activity but tailored to meet the needs of different populations.